China’s Perspective on the EU Business Environment: 2023/2024 Insights

In recent years, the EU has faced increasing scrutiny over its business environment, especially from Chinese enterprises operating in the region. A detailed 2023/2024 EU Business Environment Report, spearheaded by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT), sheds light on the challenges and opportunities within this dynamic landscape. As Europe navigates an era of geopolitical shifts, climate priorities, and technological advancement, this report serves as a window into the complex interplay of policy, economics, and trade.

EU-China Trade: A Resilient Relationship Amid Challenges

Despite global trade pressures, EU-China trade ties remain significant. In 2023, China retained its position as the EU’s second-largest trade partner, and the EU was China’s second-largest export market. Between January and November 2023, bilateral trade amounted to $716.3 billion, though this reflected a decline compared to 2022. Notably, China’s exports to the EU fell by 11%, while imports dropped by just 1%. This disparity underscores the fragility of global supply chains and Europe’s evolving trade policies.

China’s direct investment in the EU also reflected tempered enthusiasm. By the end of 2022, over 2,800 Chinese enterprises had established a presence across all 27 EU member states. However, overall investment volumes experienced a 12.2% year-on-year decline, influenced by policy hurdles and shifting economic priorities. Germany, Sweden, and Luxembourg stood out as the key destinations for Chinese capital, with manufacturing, finance, and retail as leading sectors of focus.

Policy Barriers: The Rising Tide of Protectionism

One of the report’s core findings is the proliferation of protectionist policies in the EU. Driven by its Economic Security Strategy, the bloc has adopted measures that heighten scrutiny on foreign investments and exports, citing national security and “de-risking” objectives. These strategies, while aiming to bolster economic resilience, have inadvertently strained relations with Chinese businesses.

Key concerns include:

• Export Controls: The EU has tightened restrictions on sensitive technologies, particularly in areas like semiconductors, telecommunications, and defense. These policies complicate access to critical markets for Chinese firms.
• Investment Reviews: With 22 out of 27 EU member states now enforcing foreign investment screening mechanisms, Chinese enterprises report heightened barriers. Many of these mechanisms, modeled after the EU Foreign Investment Screening Regulation, impose additional compliance burdens on external investors.
• Subsidy Investigations: The implementation of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation subjects Chinese firms to rigorous subsidy disclosures, further leveling the playing field to the detriment of non-EU entities.

These policy shifts are framed as efforts to safeguard European industries and critical infrastructure. However, Chinese companies often perceive them as discriminatory.

Geopolitics and Business: Ukraine Crisis and Beyond

The EU’s geopolitical landscape, particularly post-Ukraine invasion, has further complicated the business environment. Rising energy costs, inflationary pressures, and regional instability have disrupted operations for Chinese and other foreign businesses. 60% of surveyed Chinese enterprises cited geopolitical tensions as a key inhibitor to business continuity.

Emerging Opportunities: Green and Digital Transformation

While obstacles persist, the report highlights promising areas for EU-China collaboration:

1. Green Economy:

• The EU’s ambitious climate agenda aligns well with China’s expertise in renewable energy technologies. Chinese solar and wind energy companies are playing pivotal roles in Europe’s clean energy transition.
• Collaborative projects, such as joint ventures in hydrogen technology and electric vehicles, exemplify the mutual benefits of deeper engagement.

1. Digital Economy:

• Despite restrictions, digital cooperation remains viable in areas like AI, big data, and smart manufacturing. Both regions recognize the importance of bridging gaps in cybersecurity and regulatory standards to foster innovation.

Survey Insights: Industry Perspectives

A comprehensive survey conducted for the report revealed sharp contrasts in how Chinese enterprises perceive the EU business landscape:

• Geographic Disparities: Germany, France, and Italy were rated as the most favorable business environments, while Lithuania, Malta, and Hungary ranked lowest.
• Policy Critiques: Over half of respondents reported discriminatory treatment under investment screening regimes. Additionally, 32% of businesses noted worsening market access conditions compared to prior years.
• Future Strategies: In light of mounting barriers, many Chinese firms are reassessing their European investments, with 27% considering a pivot to less restrictive markets.

Recommendations for a Balanced Path Forward

The report underscores the need for the EU to adopt policies that balance security concerns with economic openness. Chinese enterprises advocate for:

1. Fair Market Access: Reducing barriers and ensuring consistent, non-discriminatory treatment across all sectors.
2. Enhanced Dialogue: Expanding high-level discussions, particularly around climate initiatives and digital transformation, to mitigate geopolitical tensions.
3. Support for Multilateralism: Strengthening WTO-led frameworks to maintain global trade stability and prevent unilateral protectionist measures.

Conclusion

As the EU recalibrates its trade and investment policies, fostering a more inclusive and predictable business environment will be crucial. For Chinese firms, the EU remains a vital partner, offering unparalleled opportunities in green innovation and digital advancement. However, realizing this potential requires mutual trust, clear rules, and a commitment to global economic integration. The 2023/2024 EU Business Environment Report is not just a call for reform—it’s a blueprint for a shared, sustainable future.