The Chinese consumer landscape has recently been captivated by a seemingly simple product: “捏捏乐” (Niē Niē Lè), often affectionately shortened to “捏捏” (Niē Niē). The name itself, translating to “pinch pinch joy” or “squeeze joy,” aptly describes these resilient, tactile toys designed for repeated squeezing, kneading, and manipulation. A defining characteristic is their ability to slowly return to their original form after being compressed.1 These items are distinguished by their soft, pliable texture, a diverse array of often cute and whimsical designs—ranging from animals and food items to popular cartoon characters and abstract shapes—and their typically vibrant colors. This combination of features makes them highly appealing, particularly to children, teenagers, and young adults.1 The immediate, descriptive nature of the name “Nie Nie Le” likely played a role in its rapid market penetration; it clearly communicates the product’s primary interaction (squeezing) and its intended emotional payoff (joy or relief). This linguistic directness is a potent asset in a crowded consumer market, resonating with the widespread desire for instant gratification and accessible stress relief, especially in the initial viral phases driven by social media where quick comprehension is paramount.
The materials used in “Nie Nie Le” are diverse and have evolved, reflecting a growing sophistication in both manufacturing and consumer demand. Silicone is a prevalent material, offering the signature soft, squishy feel. Higher-priced, often handmade versions may utilize food-grade silicone, which provides an even softer and sometimes stickier texture.1 Slow-rebound foam, akin to memory foam, is another key component, particularly for factory-produced items. This material deforms slowly under pressure and gradually returns to its original state, offering a distinct and often satisfying tactile feedback. These factory-made versions are also more likely to carry safety certifications.6 TPR (Thermoplastic Rubber) is also widely used, though products made from it can sometimes pose safety risks if not manufactured to stringent standards.6 Beyond these, the category has expanded to incorporate varied textures and materials such as jelly wax, nano glue, crystal mud, and cream glue, showcasing ongoing innovation aimed at catering to diverse sensory preferences.6 This progression from basic to more specialized materials, including certified slow-rebound foam and artisanal food-grade silicone, signals a market that is dynamic rather than static. It points to a developing consumer base with differentiated demands for texture, quality, safety, and price points, to which manufacturers are actively responding. The fact that Chinese manufacturers account for as much as 90% of global slow-rebound material production also provides domestic brands with advantageous access to advanced material technologies.6
These toys have transcended their status as mere playthings to become a significant cultural phenomenon and a burgeoning business in China, especially among younger demographics.2 They are often referred to as “新文玩” (xīn wénwán – new cultural collectibles/playthings), a term that elevates them beyond simple toys and aligns them with items of personal expression, hobbyist interest, and even a form of modern collectible.6 This “new cultural plaything” status is crucial for an American audience to grasp, as it indicates a higher perceived value and cultural embedding in China compared to typical Western stress-relief novelties.
While squishy toys had a global presence, with some sources noting a peak in international popularity around 2017 9, the specific and intense “Nie Nie Le” phenomenon in China gained significant traction more recently. The year 2021 is identified as a critical takeoff period, with “慢回弹” (màn huítán – slow-rebound) toys, a key type of “Nie Nie Le,” capturing widespread attention on social media platforms like TikTok (Douyin in China).6 This marked the beginning of their viral spread, primarily fueled by online sharing and discovery.
The market experienced substantial growth in 2022. Sales of decompression-type toys on leading Chinese e-commerce platforms Taobao and Tmall surged by nearly 40% compared to the previous year.10 The overall retail value of the “Nie Nie Le” market in China reached approximately 5.8 billion RMB (roughly USD 800 million) during this year, indicating rapid market expansion and widespread consumer adoption.6
By 2023, “Nie Nie Le” had solidified its position as one of Taobao’s fastest-growing toy categories.6 The immense online engagement was further evidenced by the hashtag “解压玩具” (jiěyā wánjù – stress-relief toys) on Douyin, which amassed nearly 10 billion views.11 This level of digital footprint underscores the scale of the trend.
The upward trajectory continued into 2024. During major e-commerce events like the Tmall 618 shopping festival (a large mid-year sales event), searches for “Nie Nie Le” surged by over 125%, indicating sustained and even accelerating consumer interest in these products.12 This timeline demonstrates a rapid ascent from niche interest to a mainstream consumer craze within a few short years.
The explosive popularity of “Nie Nie Le” is deeply embedded within two significant shifts in Chinese consumer behavior: the rise of the “emotional economy” and the pursuit of “relaxation.”
“情绪消费” (Qíngxù Xiāofèi – Emotional Consumption) is a dominant theme. “Nie Nie Le” are prime examples of products purchased primarily for the emotional value and psychological comfort they provide, rather than for purely utilitarian purposes.7 The Chinese “emotional consumption” market is vast, with projections suggesting it could exceed 2 trillion RMB (approximately USD 275 billion), signifying a major evolution in consumer priorities.15 Younger Chinese consumers are at the forefront of this trend, increasingly embracing what is termed “情价比消费” (qíngjiàbǐ xiāofèi – emotion-price ratio consumption). In this model, the emotional return on investment—the joy, comfort, or stress relief a product offers—becomes a key purchasing factor, often outweighing purely functional considerations.13 This is intrinsically linked to the concept of “悦己” (yuèjǐ – self-pleasing), where consumption is geared towards personal happiness and well-being.8 The rise of “Nie Nie Le” is not merely coincidental with the growth of this “emotional economy”; it is a direct manifestation and beneficiary of it. As Chinese consumers, particularly the youth, increasingly prioritize mental well-being and emotional satisfaction in their purchases, products like “Nie Nie Le” that offer an immediate, affordable, and tangible emotional payoff naturally thrive. These toys serve as a low-cost, accessible entry point into this burgeoning economy.
Complementing this is the emergence of the “松弛经济” (Sōngchí Jīngjì – Relaxation Economy). “Nie Nie Le” are a key product category within this rapidly growing economic segment, where consumers actively seek products and services that help them relax, de-stress, and achieve a “松弛感” (sōngchí gǎn – a sense of relaxation or ease).12 The term “松弛感” itself has become a popular search term and an aspirational state among young Chinese individuals navigating high-pressure lifestyles.12
The rapid popularization of “Nie Nie Le” was heavily reliant on digital platforms. Social media amplification through platforms like Douyin (the Chinese version of TikTok) and Xiaohongshu (Little Red Book, a popular lifestyle and e-commerce platform) was instrumental.5 The inherently visual and tactile nature of “Nie Nie Le”—their cute designs, vibrant colors, and satisfying squishiness—is perfectly suited for short-form video and image-based sharing, which are the dominant content formats on these platforms. This led to rapid viral spread as users shared their experiences.
User-Generated Content (UGC) and influencer impact further fueled this organic growth. Enthusiasts sharing “开箱” (kāixiāng – unboxing videos), “测评” (cèpíng – review videos), DIY “Nie Nie Le” creations, and personal collection showcases created a wealth of engaging content.7 This UGC contributed to the “种草” (zhǒngcǎo – literally “planting grass,” a popular Chinese internet slang term meaning to create desire for a product or to be influenced to want something) phenomenon, where users inspire each other to purchase.17 For “Nie Nie Le,” these platforms did more than just advertise; they cultivated a participatory culture. The ease of sharing visual and tactile experiences allowed the trend to spread organically and swiftly, far exceeding what traditional marketing could achieve alone. The platforms effectively became virtual marketplaces of desire and community, where the sheer volume of views and the “种草” effect demonstrated that users were not passive recipients of advertisements but active participants in popularizing the toys.
While similar squishy toys had an earlier global peak around 2017 9, the intensity and specific cultural framing of “Nie Nie Le” in China suggest a “catch-up” effect, significantly amplified by local social media dynamics and the unique pressures faced by Chinese youth. The trend’s resurgence and localized adaptation in China, after a period of global decline for similar items, point to specific domestic drivers rather than merely an echo of a past global fad.
While “Nie Nie Le” are undoubtedly popular among children and adolescents, forming a core user base from primary school students to teenagers 2, their appeal extends significantly into young adulthood. University students and young professionals, particularly those born in the mid-1990s and later (often referred to as “95后” – post-95s), represent a substantial segment of consumers.5 These individuals, often navigating academic pressures or the early stages of demanding careers, find these toys to be accessible stress-relief tools.
Moreover, observations from market analyses and retail environments suggest an even broader reach. Parents are purchasing “Nie Nie Le” for their children, including for very young infants as sensory training tools.6 There is also a noted, albeit smaller, segment of male consumers acquiring these items, either for themselves or as gifts.6 This indicates that while the primary market skews young and often female, the overall consumer base is more diverse than one might initially assume.
The reasons behind the widespread adoption of “Nie Nie Le” are varied, reflecting a confluence of psychological, social, and aesthetic factors.
The immense popularity of “Nie Nie Le” among students and young professionals in China is deeply intertwined with the pervasive societal pressures often described by the term “内卷” (nèijuǎn – involution). This term refers to a state of intense, often zero-sum competition in academic and professional spheres, leading to high levels of stress and anxiety.22 In this context, “Nie Nie Le” offer a simple, accessible, and private way to momentarily escape or manage these pressures.7 The physical act of squeezing can provide a tangible sense of control in situations where individuals might feel a lack thereof, and it serves as a physical outlet for pent-up tension.4
Furthermore, the often adorable and whimsical designs of “Nie Nie Le” tap into a psychological phenomenon known as “cute aggression”—the somewhat paradoxical urge to squeeze, pinch, or express strong positive emotions, sometimes in a physically assertive way, towards something overwhelmingly cute.7 Engaging with these toys can also represent a form of psychological regression for some users. This involves a temporary return to childlike comforts and simplicity, which can be profoundly soothing when faced with the complexities and anxieties of adult responsibilities.7 This makes “Nie Nie Le” more than just stress relievers; they become sources of comfort, nostalgia, and a brief respite from adult pressures.
The commercial success of “Nie Nie Le” in China has been remarkable. Retail sales of these stress-relief toys reached approximately 5.8 billion RMB (around USD 800 million) in 2022, marking a significant year-on-year growth of 26%.6 Market analysts project that this figure will continue to climb, potentially reaching around 12 billion RMB (approximately USD 1.65 billion) by 2027, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.3%.6
This growth is situated within the larger context of China’s burgeoning “emotional consumption” market, which is estimated to be valued at over 2 trillion RMB (approximately USD 275 billion).15 This indicates that “Nie Nie Le” are not an isolated fad but part of a broader shift in consumer spending towards products and services that offer emotional and psychological benefits.
The “Nie Nie Le” market is characterized by a diverse and somewhat fragmented structure:
Despite the massive sales figures and evident consumer enthusiasm, the “Nie Nie Le” market largely grapples with a “product hot, brand not hot” paradox.6 Most sales are driven by individual product features, prevailing trends, or the appeal of specific artisans rather than by established brand loyalty. This presents both a challenge—making it difficult to sustain long-term value and differentiation—and an opportunity for companies that can successfully build brand equity. The low barrier to entry for certain types of “Nie Nie Le” contributes to this situation, with many small sellers focusing on capitalizing on short-term trends rather than investing in long-term brand building.6
The ease of starting a “Nie Nie Le” business, especially for handmade silicone varieties, has fueled rapid innovation and a wide array of product offerings. However, this accessibility is a double-edged sword. It also leads to market fragmentation, inconsistent quality control, and potential safety issues.6 While the “handmade” aspect adds to the appeal and perceived value for a segment of consumers, it simultaneously makes scaling production, maintaining consistent quality, and providing reliable after-sales service (such as returns and exchanges) more challenging.5 This creates a dynamic where consumers actively chase unique, artisanal items but may face higher risks regarding product quality and customer support.
China’s well-established and highly efficient manufacturing and supply chain capabilities are a cornerstone of the “Nie Nie Le” industry, particularly for “slow-rebound” materials where the nation holds a dominant global production share.6 This industrial strength not only supports a robust export market but also gives domestic “Nie Nie Le” brands and manufacturers a significant advantage in terms of access to materials, advanced production technologies, and cost efficiencies. This robust infrastructure underpins the rapid growth and impressive scale of the domestic market.
Yiwu, a city renowned for its international small commodities market, plays a notable role in this ecosystem. It is particularly adept at rapid production and distribution, especially for trend-driven items and merchandise derivatives, such as “Nie Nie Le” themed around popular movies or characters.25 The agility of Yiwu-based suppliers allows them to quickly respond to emerging trends, often by repurposing existing stock or rapidly developing new products to meet sudden surges in demand, further exemplifying China’s dynamic supply chain capabilities.
The pricing of “Nie Nie Le” spans a remarkably wide spectrum. Basic, mass-produced items can be purchased for just a few RMB, making them highly accessible. At the other end, rare, intricately handmade, or highly sought-after collector’s pieces can command prices in the hundreds or even thousands of RMB.2
The price of handmade items is typically determined by factors such as the quality and type of material used (e.g., food-grade silicone often costs more), the complexity of the design, the labor involved, and any brand premium associated with the artisan or studio.5
A significant factor influencing the high-end market is the “hype” economy, often fueled by scarcity and social media trends. “黄牛” (huángniú – a colloquial term for scalpers or resellers who profit from arbitrage) are active in this space, acquiring limited-edition or highly popular “Nie Nie Le” and reselling them on secondary market platforms like Xianyu (a popular C2C second-hand marketplace in China) at substantially inflated prices.5 This dynamic can make it difficult for genuine enthusiasts to purchase desired items at their original retail price and contributes to the perception of some “Nie Nie Le” as speculative assets.
The meteoric rise of “Nie Nie Le” is inextricably linked to the influence of China’s dominant visual social media platforms. Douyin (China’s version of TikTok) and Xiaohongshu (Little Red Book) have been pivotal in catapulting these toys into the mainstream consciousness. Engagement metrics are staggering: the hashtag #捏捏 (#NieNie) on Xiaohongshu, for example, has garnered tens of billions of views.6 Similarly, the broader topic of “解压玩具” (stress-relief toys) on Douyin also boasts massive viewership, indicating a widespread and deeply engaged audience.11
The content shared on these platforms is diverse and highly engaging, perfectly leveraging the visual and tactile appeal of “Nie Nie Le.” Common formats include:
This constant stream of visually appealing and interactive content keeps “Nie Nie Le” top-of-mind and continually introduces them to new potential consumers.
The “种草” (zhǒngcǎo – product seeding or creating desire) culture is central to the marketing success of “Nie Nie Le” on these platforms.8 Unlike traditional advertising, “种草” relies on authentic-seeming recommendations from peers or trusted influencers, which resonate strongly with Chinese consumers, particularly the youth.
This organic sharing has led to the formation of vibrant online communities. Enthusiasts congregate in dedicated groups and forums, often referred to as “捏圈” (Niē Quān – the Nie Nie Circle or squishy toy community) and “慢圈” (Màn Quān – the Slow Rebound Circle for fans of that specific type).6 Within these digital spaces, users share tips, trade items, discuss new releases, and bond over their shared hobby. This user-generated content and community building fosters a sense of authenticity and peer-to-peer recommendation, which is often more trusted and impactful than direct brand marketing. Social media platforms, therefore, didn’t just host “Nie Nie Le” content; their algorithms likely played a role in identifying and amplifying this burgeoning interest. Once users showed initial engagement with “Nie Nie Le” related posts or videos, they were often fed more similar content, creating a powerful feedback loop. This algorithmic “seeding” is crucial to understanding the sheer speed and scale of the trend’s proliferation from niche hobbyist circles to a broader youth demographic.17
Influencers, ranging from micro-influencers to more established online personalities, play a significant role in showcasing “Nie Nie Le,” reviewing new products, and setting trends within the community.5 Their endorsements can quickly elevate the desirability of specific items.
Intellectual Property (IP) collaborations also feature prominently in the “Nie Nie Le” market. Tie-ins with popular cartoon characters, anime figures, game characters, or even food brands can enhance the appeal and collectibility of these toys.4 However, it’s noteworthy that for many core fans and collectors, the intrinsic design quality, material feel, and uniqueness of the “Nie Nie Le” itself often trump the allure of a licensed IP.6 In some instances, the market’s agility outpaces official licensing, with manufacturers in hubs like Yiwu quickly producing non-official derivative products based on sudden movie hypes or trending characters.25
The success of “Nie Nie Le” on social media can be partly attributed to a “tangible-visual” loop. These toys are inherently tactile, designed to be touched and squeezed. However, their often cute designs and the visually satisfying nature of their compression and slow rebound make them perfect for video and photo sharing. This creates a self-reinforcing cycle: the visual content on social media piques interest in the tangible experience of the toy, and the satisfying tangible experience, in turn, encourages users to create and share more visual content. This dynamic is a powerful engine for growth in the contemporary age of visual social media.
Despite their immense popularity and commercial success, the “Nie Nie Le” phenomenon is not without its challenges and criticisms, primarily centering around product safety, market practices, and potential psychological impacts.
A significant shadow looms over the “Nie Nie Le” market regarding material safety. Numerous reports and consumer complaints have highlighted issues such as:
The rapid, social-media-driven explosion of the “Nie Nie Le” trend appears to have outpaced comprehensive regulatory oversight and the consistent establishment of quality standards, especially concerning the myriad small producers and individual artisans in the market.31 This regulatory gap creates a fertile ground for the proliferation of safety issues, such as “three-no products” and the use of potentially harmful materials, leading to consumer dissatisfaction and health concerns.35 The market’s dynamism, a strength for rapid growth, simultaneously presents a weakness in terms of consistent consumer protection.
Inconsistent quality is a frequent complaint, particularly with handmade items or lower-cost, mass-produced “Nie Nie Le”.5 Defects can range from minor aesthetic flaws to more significant issues affecting the toy’s durability or feel. The market is also susceptible to counterfeit or imitation products, especially for popular original designs or licensed IP tie-ins, further complicating quality assurance for consumers.
The collectible nature of some “Nie Nie Le” has led to a “hype” economy, where limited editions or particularly popular designs become subject to significant price inflation. “黄牛” (huángniú – scalpers) are known to buy up these sought-after items and resell them on secondary markets at prices many times their original retail value.5 This practice can make it difficult and expensive for genuine fans to acquire desired pieces.
Furthermore, consumers often face difficulties with returns and exchanges, especially for handmade “Nie Nie Le.” Sellers of such items frequently state that minor flaws (e.g., small bubbles, slight demolding imperfections) are considered normal and not grounds for a return or refund.5 This can lead to frustration when consumers receive products that do not meet their expectations, especially given the prices some of these items command. This situation creates a paradox where the pursuit of “stress relief” items can, for some consumers, lead to additional financial stress due to inflated prices from scalpers or excessive spending driven by a desire to keep up with trends.5 Moreover, the frustration arising from receiving poor-quality products or encountering uncooperative sellers regarding returns can negate the very stress relief the products are intended to provide, highlighting a critical disconnect between the product’s promise and the market realities for a segment of consumers.
Beyond market and safety issues, some psychological and social criticisms have been leveled against the “Nie Nie Le” trend:
Understanding “Nie Nie Le” in a global context requires comparing them to similar stress-relief toys popular in Western markets, such as traditional stress balls, fidget spinners, and plush toys like Squishmallows.
Several commonalities exist between “Nie Nie Le” and their Western counterparts:
Despite the similarities in function, notable differences exist, particularly in materials, design, production, and cultural framing:
While sharing functional similarities with Western stress toys, the “Nie Nie Le” phenomenon is distinctly shaped by China’s unique socio-cultural environment (e.g., the pressures of “内卷,” the rise of “情绪消费”), its dominant social media platforms (Douyin, Xiaohongshu with their specific content ecosystems), its powerful manufacturing ecosystem (including the agility of hubs like Yiwu and OEM capabilities), and its evolving consumer culture (e.g., the “新文玩” concept, the “种草” influence model). These factors collectively explain why the trend has taken on such a specific form and intensity in China.
It’s interesting to note that while similar squishy toys may have seen a global peak in popularity around 2017 and might be perceived as a declining trend in some Western markets, the “Nie Nie Le” craze in China represents a more recent and arguably more intense wave.9 There are also nuanced local characteristics within Greater China, such as reports of the trend still rising in Taiwan even as global interest wanes.9
China’s role as a major global manufacturer of toys and related plastic/silicone products gives it a unique position.6 This manufacturing prowess not only supports the domestic demand for “Nie Nie Le” but also means that many of the base materials and even finished products for similar items sold globally originate from China. This provides local brands and manufacturers with advantages in supply chain efficiency, cost, and access to production technology.
The market for “Nie Nie Le” and related stress-relief products in China is projected to continue its growth trajectory. Driven by the enduring strength of the “emotional economy” and sustained demand from youth and young adults, industry forecasts remain optimistic.6 The broader “解压” (jiěyā – stress relief) sector is witnessing a boom in new company registrations, indicating active investment and entrepreneurial interest in this space.10 The projected growth to a 12 billion RMB market by 2027 underscores the significant economic potential still perceived in this category.6
Several key trends are likely to shape the future of the “Nie Nie Le” market:
The future market may witness a clearer bifurcation between high-quality, branded, and potentially more expensive “Nie Nie Le” that emphasize unique designs, superior materials, and guaranteed safety, and the lower-end, mass-produced novelties that cater to impulse buys. Brands like MOLYNK are clearly aiming for the premium segment 6, while the persistence of “三无产品” (three-no products) 31 indicates the continued presence of the lower-cost, less regulated end of the market. This divergence will present ongoing challenges for consumers in navigating quality and for regulators in ensuring market safety.
As consumer awareness grows globally and in China, sustainability and ethical considerations are becoming increasingly important in the toy industry.42 For “Nie Nie Le,” this implies:
Sustainability could become a key differentiator in the maturing “Nie Nie Le” market. As safety and material concerns remain prominent 7, and global consumer consciousness around environmental impact and ethical sourcing continues to rise 42, “Nie Nie Le” brands that embrace and effectively communicate their commitment to safer, eco-friendlier materials and transparent manufacturing processes are likely to resonate more strongly with discerning consumers. This aligns with a broader shift observed across the global toy industry towards more sustainable practices.
Experts generally acknowledge the temporary stress-relief benefits that “Nie Nie Le” can offer, often attributing this to the physical act of squeezing which can divert attention or provide a minor cathartic release.2 However, they consistently caution against over-reliance on these toys as a sole coping mechanism and emphasize the importance of addressing the root causes of stress and anxiety through more holistic approaches.7
Industry insiders and analysts see continued potential in the market, particularly if companies can successfully navigate the transition from a “product hot” phase to a “brand hot” phase.6 This involves strategic investments in branding, channel innovation (both online and offline), and enhancing the overall consumer experience beyond the basic act of squeezing—for example, through multi-sensory engagement or by embedding the products within a richer cultural or lifestyle narrative.6 The innovation towards items like “捏捏毛绒挂件” (squishy plush pendants) 6 suggests an evolution beyond simple desktop squishies. Future products might integrate “Nie Nie Le” mechanics into other forms such as fashion accessories, more sophisticated collectibles, or even interactive digital experiences, thereby broadening their appeal and utility.
The “Nie Nie Le” phenomenon in China is a compelling case study of how a simple product can rapidly capture the public imagination and evolve into a multi-billion RMB industry. Its ascent is not merely a product of clever marketing but a reflection of deeper socio-economic and cultural currents within contemporary China, particularly the rising “emotional economy” and the pervasive pressures faced by the nation’s youth.
The success of “Nie Nie Le” has been undeniably fueled by the potent combination of an intrinsic appeal—the satisfying tactile experience and stress-relief properties—and the amplifying power of social media platforms like Douyin and Xiaohongshu. These platforms have not only facilitated viral spread but also fostered vibrant online communities, transforming a personal coping mechanism into a shared cultural experience and a new form of “social currency.” The toys’ diverse designs, collectibility, and positioning as “new cultural playthings” have further cemented their place in the youth consumer landscape.
However, this rapid growth has been accompanied by significant challenges. Persistent concerns regarding product safety, including the use of potentially harmful materials and the prevalence of unregulated “three-no products,” pose a threat to consumer trust and long-term market health. Issues of inconsistent quality, price gouging by scalpers, and difficulties with after-sales service also mar the consumer experience for some. Furthermore, while offering temporary solace, experts rightly caution that “Nie Nie Le” are not a panacea for stress and should not replace more fundamental approaches to well-being.
Looking ahead, the “Nie Nie Le” market stands at an interesting juncture. The initial explosive growth phase may mature into a more nuanced landscape characterized by brand differentiation, a greater emphasis on quality and safety, and innovative product development that extends beyond simple squishy forms. The push towards integrating online and offline retail experiences, coupled with a growing awareness of sustainability, will likely shape the industry’s next chapter.
Ultimately, the “Nie Nie Le” phenomenon offers valuable lessons for understanding contemporary Chinese youth culture, the evolving priorities of its consumers who increasingly seek “emotional value,” and the dynamic interplay between social media, consumer trends, and market creation. Whether “Nie Nie Le” will maintain its current level of fervor or evolve into a more stable, niche market remains to be seen, but its impact as a cultural touchstone and a significant business success is already undeniable. Its journey underscores a global need for accessible stress relief, uniquely manifested through the cultural and commercial dynamics of modern China.
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